Rashomon Essay

The book is laid out in sequence. It opened up with the testimony of the woodcutter who was being interviewed by a high police commissioner. The woodcutter proceeded to tell the commissioner that he had just stumbled on a crime scene – a man wearing a bluish silk kimono with his face on the ground with fatal wound on his chest. This set up the tempo for the book. After each interview, the story jumps into another character’s testimony. It tells the story through the perspectives of the characters where they are all witness of a crime where a samurai had been murdered. There were a few witnesses to the crime: woodcutter, traveling Buddhist priest, policeman, bandit, old woman, his wife, and the man himself through a medium. Each one of the testimonies given by the witnesses differs from one another. The only thing they all had in common was that a samurai was killed. The book and the movie sets it up where we the reader are the jury of the crime. They all started telling what they have seen, what had happen, what were they doing, and how did they stumbled upon the murder scene. It’s almost like an exercise of finding out the truth based on the testimony given by each witness. Where we (readers and viewers) come to a consensus of determining who is the one telling the truth among them. Which is hard because they were all subjective interpretations of all witnesses. There isn’t anything that would point out who the real culprit is. After doing some research of the time frame when this book was written, I found out that the scenes that the author was trying to portray was pretty much identical to the time period that the book was trying to portray. It was written during the 20th century, a time where social disintegration and population distress prevalent. Most of the population practiced Buddhism, Shinto, and Taoism, which reflected in the movie when the husband was giving his testimony through a medium. The medium was his wife, which also seems like one of the short story that we read, Sotoba Komachi. Which have the same situation where the woman have done something terrible to a man therefore she is punished by having her body possessed by the man that she had wronged. During this time period, Buddhism was on the rise along with Shinto. It was apparent on the film when the opening scene showed Rashomon (Rajomon gate), which was the main gate for Kyoto. The gate looked devastated and torn down because during that time there was plenty of natural disasters and buildings being set on fire and also gangs and vigilantes were prevalent during this time that tried to rebel against the corrupt governors. The book and the movie showed the correlation with the time period by showing us how bad the living conditions are, or any of the characters situations are for that matter. In particular was the former samurai servant. Where he had taken refuge from the rain under the bridge but have no idea what to do after the rain stops because he was just discharged by his master. He was troubled about what the future holds for him. He didn’t have a job and also depressed because of it. Since he thought his situation was desperate, he started to debate whether he should look for a job and spend his life working as an honest man or become a thief. Regardless, the outcome wasn’t in his favor. After some time spending in the gate, the samurai servant cross path with a woman. Their situation was further magnified when the author described the environment of the place that they were taking refuge in – it was so bad that they didn’t care that the place was littered with copses. So many corpses that he had to watch where he step so that he wouldn’t trip over them and he couldn’t count how many there were around him. Also the stench of the corpses didn’t bother them. The servant started to investigate the noise that he heard from upstairs. There he encountered an old woman who he thought was a wretched hag. The old woman was there because she was plucking hairs from the corpses for her to use as a wig. This was the time where the samurai servant decided that he would go down the path of living as a thief by robbing her of her kimono. After reading and watching the movie, I think the movie stayed true to the book. The film uses flashbacks during the testimonies of the witnesses, which I thought was great because it cleared things up a little bit more. The scenes put you in the situation that they were in and try to relay the experience to you from their viewpoint. It showed the story being influenced by the characters emotions and the accuracy changes from person to person which is probably the intended objective of the director. The sequence of the witnesses was different in the movie than the book. In the movie, they used one of the guys in the Rashomon taking refuge as a witness where in the book – to me, it seems like the movie used none of the witness that was in Rashomon. I could be mistaken because in the movie, the opening scene was under the Rashomon and three guys were talking about what happened. They seemed in disarray at first and then it jumped to a scene where one of the guys was walking in the woods and discovered the carcass, from there the scene transitioned to the characters taking turns giving their testimony. In the book, there were two people in Rashomon taking refuge from the rain; it was a samurai servant and an old woman. Although the movie did a great job on using flashbacks to paint a clearer picture on what happened. There was no backstory on the characters. They were all portrayed as country-dwellers and vagabond staying in Rashomon. The only one that was clear to me was the wife, samurai, and the bandit. In the movie, they showed the woman was kissed and the scene cut out after that, allowing the audience to guess what happened. I would imagine that the scene was shocking since it was they very first kiss that was captured on film. Also, during the kiss, I thought that the woman was fighting it at first but then seemed to relax and go with it as the camera faded. For those who haven’t read the book, it might seem like that’s the only thing they did but he did much more things to her than just kiss – the woman was raped. It’s hard to guess that if you haven’t read the book. The only thing that I can think of that can possibly give away that the woman was raped was the reaction of the husband. His emotion changed from struggling to escape and angrily, to staring off in the distance and at peace with himself. This reaction was probably based on the Japanese culture where the woman is now given a choice between her rapist and her husband. I like how the author showcased the culture during that period, the reaction of the husband towards the wife whenever she succumbs to the bandit and how it portrayed the samurai. To the samurai, she had committed an act against him that did not warrant him to show any emotions. He understood that it was a loss cost fighting for her whenever she made the decision to let the bandit do whatever he wants with her. After reading and watching Rashomon, it’s easier to understand how Japan has been struggling with their identity. I lived in Japan for a couple years, which gave me a brief idea how the Japanese culture is. Their culture is very hospitable and very welcoming. During my stay there, not once did I feel threatened or feel like I was in some kind of danger. I never knew that Japan was just literally coming out of the medieval period transitioning to the industrial period. The only way I can explain that is, a baby that just learned how to turn on its belly then all of a sudden started trying to sprint. Which would also explain how hard they are trying to hold on to their tradition but slowly losing it, because the young generations are trying to embrace the western culture. The book and the movie did a fantastic job in showing the living condition during the time period. It’s hard to believe that just a couple of decades from that period, Japan was still struggling and fighting to have a democracy. In the span of a couple decades – Japan would have built an army that rivals the military power of the western world. Not only build, but also, declare a war with the western powers.

Theme Of Racism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness

Jazlyn Aponte 6.13.17 Racism is misleading: Theme of TFA Racism is still a problem today, even though it has changed over time. In the past, it was more open and something that was normal. Now, there are less people who are racist, or, those who are racist have just gotten better at hiding their thoughts and changing their words so that they seem like normal comments. In Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, the main character, Marlow, journeys the Congo and describes what he sees. In a response to Heart of Darkness, Chinua Achebe wrote â€Å"‘An Image of Africa’: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness†. Here, he explains his views on what Conrad wrote and what he thinks it means. One of Achebe’s famous novels was Things Fall Apart, based in a†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Unoka, Okonkwos father, â€Å"was lazy and improvident and was quite incapable of thinking about tomorrow. If any money came his way, and it seldom did, he immediately bought gourds of palm-wine, called round his n eighbors and made merry.† (Achebe 4). Unoka was a very irresponsible man and could not think about the long-term effects of his actions. Unoka was looked down on in his village and everybody knew that he was not successful and that he didnt make the right decisions. This shows that he is the total opposite from Okonkwo and that even though Okonkwo and Unoka are both African, they are different from each other in multiple ways, such as their character. Additionally, Achebe uses diction to counter Conrads Heart of Darkness by showing that he is racist and it is not right to characterize Africans the way that he is characterizing them. When Marlow is describing the land, he says that they â€Å"were wanderers on a prehistoric earth, on an earth that wore the aspect of an unknown planet.† (Conrad para. 1). Marlow is saying that he is on a â€Å"prehistoric earth† and that he feels like he has gone back in time. When we think of prehistoric, we think of ancient and uncivilized, which means that he is calling Africans uncivilized. Conrad’s specific choice of words prove that he was racist and had no respect for those who he saw as different from him. To summarize his view on Conrad, Achebe says that â€Å"The point of [his]Show MoreRelatedComparing Shakespeares Othello with Conrads Heart of Darkness738 Words   |  3 PagesShakespeare’s Othello with Conrad’s Heart of Darkness It is often that when we read great works of literature we come across similar themes. Authors use powerful ideas that they believe will move their readers and relate to them so they become engaged in the words written. William Shakespeare and Joseph Conrad were amazing writers of their times and even though their works were written almost 300 years apart, both, Othello and Heart of Darkness, have coinciding themes. The major theme that both ShakespeareRead MoreEssay on Another Heart of Darkness1021 Words   |  5 Pages Ignorance and Racism Joseph Conrad develops themes of personal power, individual responsibility, and social justice in his book Heart of Darkness. His book has all the trappings of the conventional adventure tale - mystery, exotic setting, escape, suspense, unexpected attack. Chinua Achebe concluded, quot;Conrad, on the other hand, is undoubtedly one of the great stylists of modern fiction and a good story-teller into the bargainquot; (Achebe 252). Yet, despite Conrads great story telling, heRead MoreThe Oral Tradition Of Storytelling1510 Words   |  7 PagesIn Silko’s â€Å"Lullaby†, the role of storytelling in her Native American culture seems to be a central theme and translates the oral tradition of storytelling into a written English essay. The narrator Ayah doesn’t tell her story to anyone in particular, but instead she reminiscences on a story that weaves her past memories and her present happenings through a series of associations, rather than in a set chronological order. In addition to the focus on the oral tradition of storytelling, Silko is concernedRead MoreRacism And Sexism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1108 Words   |  5 Pagesundertaking VCE. From the time Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad was published in 1899 the novel has been held under considerable scrutiny as many interpretations have been developed over the novels true intent as well as the overall message portrayed within. Chinua Achebe’s â€Å"An Image of Africa† is a well-known criticism on Heart of Darkness that focuses on a Post-Colonial perspective to describe the nature of the novel. Jeremy Hawthorn’s â€Å"The Women of Heart of Darkness† is another well-known criticismRead More Theme of Colonialism and Imperialism in Conrads Heart of Darkness1008 Words   |  5 PagesThe Theme of Imperialism in Heart of Darkness       Of the themes in Conrads Heart of Darkness, imperialism and colonialism are probably the most important. While Heart of Darkness is actually set on the Thames River, the events Marlow describes are set on the Congo River. The Congo is the river that brought about the partition of Africa that occurred from 1880 to 1890 (McLynn 13). This event marked the beginning of the colonization of Africa. In 1884, European nations held a conference andRead MoreThemes and Literary Techniqes Used in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness688 Words   |  3 Pages Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness A. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness has been criticized as a novel filled with blatant racism, because of its dehumanization of the Africans through name calling and portrayal of them as inhuman. I agree that the terms and wording of this novel are racist and very inappropriate for today’s world to use, but we have to remind ourselves of the time period in which this was written. Conrad’s use of racist remarks like â€Å"savages† and the â€Å"N† word to label the Africans inRead MoreComparative Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis: â€Å"Heart of Darkness† â€Å"Apocalypse Now† Student: Mora Vandenbroele Teacher: Azucena Estigarribia Year: 11th â€Å"A† â€Å"Heart of Darkness† vs. â€Å"Apocalypse Now† It is very interesting how humans are so intrigued about the evilness in the world, and the dedication of some men to compare Hell with the Earthly horror. Joseph Conrad, a genius writer, took his time to show this with his masterpiece â€Å"Heart of Darkness† that wasRead MoreJoseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1488 Words   |  6 PagesJoseph Conrad’s s novel Heart of Darkness portrays an image of Africa that is dark and inhuman. Not only does he describe the actual, physical continent of Africa as â€Å"so hopeless and so dark, so impenetrable to human thought, so pitiless to human weakness†, (Conrad 154) as though the continent could neither breed nor support any true human life. Conrad lived through a time when European colonies were scattered all over the world. This phenomenon and the doctrine of colonialism bought into at hisRead MoreEssay about Heart of Darkness1745 Words   |  7 Pagesin depth review of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, a class ical novella that illustrates without bias the motives behind human intentions and the extremes individuals can go to achieve wealth and profits at the expense of others with the aim of shedding insight into the rise of European imperialism, the imperial history, its politics and evil activities in the colonized African tribes along the river Congo during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. The Heart of Darkness is an exceptionallyRead More The Meaning of Heart of Darkness in the Post-Colonial Climate3726 Words   |  15 PagesThe Meaning of Heart of Darkness in the Post-Colonial Climate Since its publication in 1899, Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness has rarely been disputed on the basis of its literary merits; in fact, it was long seen as one of the great novels of the burgeoning modern era, a sort of bridge between the values and storytelling styles of the waning Victorian period and those of the modern era (Gatten), and regarded a high-ranking space amidst the great literature of the century, if not the

My Enthusiasm for Management Sudies - 1339 Words

My enthusiasm for Management studies is fairly self-explanatory: people, throughout life, will either manage or be managed. In both situations management skills are essential. The study, at high school level, of modules such as business economics, organizational behaviour and marketing has helped me to develop a stronger grasp of management fundamentals. In the US, during a six-month International Exchange Programme at the Sun Prairie High School in Wisconsin, I took a Business course, which sparked an interest in the field. Overall, I acquired knowledge related to organizational roles and responsibilities of businesses in society, including the services offered by banks and other financial institutions. In a team, I analysed business†¦show more content†¦This valuable experience abroad will undoubtedly give me a broader perspective of the business world. I feel that I would like to continue to study outside my home country – specifically the UK – which is now poised for economic recovery. Indeed, studying in the UK, the pioneer in business related theories, would plunge me into a stimulating and challenging environment. The UK represents the ideal place for a Management student, to develop a further capability (not only theoretical, but also practical) of negotiating with different countries and cultures. Learning new ways of approaching issues would be extremely beneficial to me. More precisely, learning skills specific to the UK, such as British Business Law or the features of the domestic financial system, would come as a very valuable addition to my education. The UK university system is very different from the Italian system and is far more interactive. One of the key features that also really impresses me is the career guidance service offered by UK institutions along with careers events, career planning and job search support, which allow students to transition more easily from education to employment. I would also relish the opportunity of building my academic portfolio by mixing the participation in lectures and tutorials with essay writing and research. Finally, I would welcome the opportunity of getting involved

Descartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay - 3414 Words

Descartes Proof for the Existence of God Many readers follow Descartes with fascination and pleasure as he descends into the pit of skepticism in the first two Meditations, defeats the skeptics by finding the a version of the cogito, his nature, and that of bodies, only to find them selves baffled and repulsed when they come to his proof for the existence of God in Meditation III. In large measure this change of attitude results from a number of factors. One is that the proof is complicated in ways which the earlier discourse is not. Second is that the complications include the use of scholastic machinery for which the reader is generally quite unprepared -- including such doctrines as a Cartesian version of the Great Chain of†¦show more content†¦Using his methods of Doubt and Analysis he has systematically examined all his beliefs and set aside those which he could call into doubt until he reach ed one belief which he could not doubt -- that the evil genius seeking to deceive him could not deceive him into thinki ng that he did not exist when in fact he did exist. Having determined for certain that he exists, by a second application of the method s of Doubt and Analysis he has also determined that his essence is to be a thinking thing. And by yet a third application of these methods, he has also determined that the essence of matter (which can only be known by the mind) is to be flexible, changea ble and extended (if there is any such thing as matter). This is where things stand at the end of Meditation II. At the beginning of Meditation III, Descartes makes yet more progress, he comes up with a criterion of certainty. By examining the truths which he discovered in the course of his second meditation, he decides that all of them have in common the proper ties of being clear and distinct. Thus, he claims So, I now seem to be able to lay it down as a general rule that whatever I perceive very clearly and distinctly is true. He notes an objection to this claim, which is that he had previous ly accepted as evident things which turned out to be doubtful. For example he apprehended the earth, the sky and the stars with the senses, and sawShow MoreRelatedDescartes Proof Of The Existence Of God1609 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most important ideas upon which Descartes’s proof of the existence of God rests is that rational minds face constraints. While God is the absolute infinite, humans and other beings exist with limitations on their actions. One of these limitations is human inte llect, which Descartes names as one component of the cause of our tendency toward error as humans. The finite nature of human intellect, he argues, combines with an infinite will which causes us to seek an understanding of phenomenaRead MoreEssay on Descartes Proof For The Existence Of God1543 Words   |  7 Pages Descartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes’ argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving God’s existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of God’s existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions in the world hasRead MoreDescartes Proof for the Existence of God Essay example1562 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes Proof for the Existence of God The purpose of my essay will be to examine Descartes argument for the existence of God. First, I will review Descartes proof for the existence of God. Then I will examine the reasons that Descartes has for proving Gods existence. I will also discuss some consequences that appear as a result of Gods existence. Finally, I will point out some complications and problems that exist within the proof. The basic problem with most religions inRead MoreDescartes First Proof of The Existence of God Essays1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe 17th century philosopher Rene Descartes believed that God exists. His proof of an all perfect being’s existence was explained by having an idea of God that had to have been caused by God. But simply having an idea of God is not enough for there to necessarily exist such a being. This paper will critically examine Descartes’s causal argument though its premises and conclusion. Descartes makes an attempt to prove God’s existence throughout his third meditation. In his first premise he statesRead MoreComparing Socrates And Descartes On The Proof Of Existence Of God1759 Words   |  8 PagesComparison between Socrates and Descartes on the proof of existence of God. Socrates is who established ancient philosophy with Plato and Aristotle. His philosophy effects Western system of philosophy. He was born BC 470 in Athens and his father was a sculptor and his mother was midwife. He focuses teaching other people that philosophical argument in his life. He doesn’t want material for teaching because he doesn’t have material greed. His goals are verifying the oracle, question our belief, andRead MoreDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three Essay1026 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes Proof of the Existence of God in Meditation Three This paper is intended to explain and evaluate Descartes proof for the existence of god in Meditation Three. It shall show the weaknesses in the proof, but also give credit to the strengths in his proof. It will give a background of what Descartes has already accepted as what he truly knows. The paper will also state Descartes two major points for the existence of God and why the points can easily be proven false. The paper willRead More Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pages Descartes Third Meditation: Proof of Gods Existence In Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes is seeking to find a system of stable, lasting and certain knowledge, which he can ultimately regard as the Truth. In his methodical quest to carry out his task, Descartes eventually arrives at the proverbial fork in the road: how to bridge the knowledge of self with that of the rest of the world. Descartesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ answer to this is to prove the existence of God. The purpose of this essayRead MoreDiscourse on Descartes Skeptical Method1672 Words   |  7 PagesSebastian Gumina Paper Topic #1 Descartes’ Skeptical Method Descartes’ method offers definitive conclusions on certain topics, (his existence, the existence of God)but his reasoning is not without error. He uses three arguments to prove existence (His and God’s) that attempt to solidify his conclusions. For his method to function seamlessly, Descartes needs to be consistent in his use of the method, that is, he must continue to doubt and challenge thoughts that originate in his ownRead MoreEssay about A Very Brief History on the Existence of God 1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe subsequent essay will provide a brief overview on the existence of God from Renà © Descartes through Immanuel Kant. First, section (1), examines Descartes’ proof for the existence of God. Section (2), explores G.W. Leibniz’s view on God’s existence in addition to his attempts to rectify the shortcomings of Descartes’ proofs. Before continuing, it is imperative to understand that both Descartes and Leibniz believed that th e existence of God could be proved via reason. The remainder of the essayRead MoreDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes: Proofs of God/Deception and Error Instructions: First: Analyze and evaluate the two proofs of Gods existence. How are they different? Is one more convincing than the other? Why did Descartes think he needed two proofs? Do they do different work for him? And secondly: Does Descartes give a satisfactory account of human error, given a perfect and divine creator? Are Descartes arguments convincing, or does it still seem unnecessary and less than perfect that God created us with

What Is Physical Abuse Essay Free Essays

Her head was pounding from the sudden blow. Blood was running down the side her face as she began to remember. He had tormented her, degraded her feelings, and took away her financial stability. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Physical Abuse Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now She felt forever trapped as she was the only one to witness such vile acts. â€Å"There is no one here to see this. There is no one here to save me from what happens inside these walls† she whispered, voice cracking. Victims like this must go through the injustice of not being able to feel safe in their own home or even their own skin. Whether it be inflicting harm for the victim through physical abuse, toying with their emotions through emotional abuse, or financially controlling them through financial abuse, abusers find ways for many women to suffer from domestic abuse in their daily lives. Physical abuse is one of the many aspects of domestic abuse. This type of abuse is most known as it can be seen with one’s own eyes. However, physical abuse doesn’t always have to happen on the victim. In many cases, physical abuse can happen somewhere near the victim. It shows that â€Å"When a partner is violent near or around you, doing things like punching a hole in the wall, the message is ‘Next time this could be your head'† (Carlson 146). Numerous amounts of people will brush off the incident and believe that it will not mean anything in the future but this sort of act can escalate quickly and leave the victim in shambles. If this message is given, the abuser is releasing their anger on an object physically and it will not be long before the abuser directs their anger on their victim – the one who caused their distress. Once they direct their anger on the victim, it can lead to extreme violence that the victim is not capable of keeping under control. Sam is a victim who had been physically abused herself. She speaks out about one of the stories of her journey with physical abuse: I was at home and I cooked his dinner†¦he came home when the food was on the table. He was like ‘Oh, it’s too cold,’ so I put it in the microwave and warmed it up. I gave it to him and he said it was too hot†¦and you start to get this worried feeling like ‘It’s going to happen. He’s going to hurt me.’ He threw the plate and smashed it against my head and he started beating me up and kicking me on the floor and punching. (Sam?) This is an example of severe physical abuse. Here, the abuser takes a typical, simple misunderstanding and exaggerates it until it reaches its full capacity. In most cases, those who are in healthy relationships would be able to work this out without it becoming physical. The victim shows that she has the constant worry of not wanting to go against the abuser’s needs. Thus, they are always tip toeing around the abuser and the second they do something even the slightest bit wrong, it becomes another heated fight. This instance is just one glimpse of what a day in the life of a physically abused partner must go through. There are always other cases. Some outcomes of physical abuse could even be fatal. This is one of the more extreme cases of physical abuse. It should be known that â€Å"One woman is fatally shot by a spouse, ex-spouse, or dating partner every 14 hours† (â€Å"NCADV†). Many do not understand the significance of homicide in physical abuse and do not link this importance to the fact that it still happens. This statistic shows that those who are in domestic abuse relationships are at a very high risk of being killed by their significant other. How to cite What Is Physical Abuse Essay, Essays

Psychology Data Interpretation for Lab Report -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePsychology Data Interpretation for Lab Report. Answer: Lab Report Plan: The lab report plan includes research planning; five peers reviewed by journal articles, clearly stated hypotheses and their testing results and finally predicted relationship between several variables. Our research plot includes the aim to analyze the descriptive summary, scatter plot among several variables, correlation coefficient between variables and individual index rating of the variables. Our five peer reviewed by journal articles is given with relevant to the topic. We are going to provide clearly stated five null hypotheses that are tested in the assignment. Cross Cultural Differences:- The dataset involves the dataset of 312 students and the factors are Gender, Age, Nationality, Individualism Rating, Idiocentric score, Group score and Allocentric score. The responses were chosen according to group, idiocentric and allocentric self-references. The different scores were highlighted by the individualism rating appeared in the questionnaire. As predicted by the analyzed data, students from collectivist culture generate significantly more idiocentric and group descriptions than the students from individualist cultures of different nationality. The data backs up a pan cultural model in which cross-cultural variability in the self-concept are not marked as categorically different. However, it would reflect the relative ethics of the constituent components. Cross-cultural studies of self-concept remain to be an interest to the psychologists. Psychological factors in Asia and Asia-Pacific Island cultures have constructed the more relational, collectivistic or socio-centric ideas in these cultures with more individualistic and idiocentric ideas of Western concepts (Lonner, 2013). Psychologists argue that the individuality is a cultural construction (Guchner, 1994). We could expect significant cultural differences associated with the gender and age in the different nationality. Cross-cultural studies and concepts in a sampled limited range of cultures depend on the data measures. Explanatory variables are hypothesized to predict cross cultural effects and cultural differences in inter-nations (Mezulis et al., 2014). The report addresses the limitations while testing three theoretical ratios on cultural differences in self content. The psychologists have identified the existence of adaptive significance in combination with the aspects of all cultures. We expect that the people of all cultures infer the variables as part of individuality. Trait psychology dimensions would support in all cultures described in terms of trait attributes and variables with at least moderate frequency (Shiraev and Levy, 2014). Cultural psychologists view socially constructed variables across cultures. We tested alternative theoretical hypotheses successfully on cultural differences in the context of cross-cultural equivalence. The titles of reviewed journal articles those are relevant to the topic: Introduction to Statistics and SPSS in Psychology. Pearson. The article provides us the idea about what types of psychological data variables and factors could be. Statistics explained. Routledge. The article suggests us about what are the different measures of descriptive statistics (such as mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, 2-tail test). Tests of statistical significance. The article helps us to test the statistical significance of two-tailed test. Performing data analysis using IBM SPSS. John Wiley Sons. We got the idea about how inference could be drawn from scatter plots of SPSS. Cross-cultural psychology. In Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions - This article helped us to develop ideas about cross-cultural psychology and their relevance with data attributes. Aim of the study report: The objective of the study report is to find the correlation coefficient between different psychological indexes and find out the inferences. We can have a clear report of nation wise and gender wise variation of psychological indexes. The report would help to provide the necessary measures and steps concluded from the findings. Hypotheses: Tests of Hypothesis: The five hypotheses given in the report are Percentage ratio of different genders according to the nationality is equal. Averages of different ratios (Idiocentric, group and Allocentric ratio) are equal. Correlation between Individual ratings and Idocentric statement Scores is zero. The relationship between Individual ratings and Group statement Scores is zero. Correlation between Individual ratings and Allocentric Scores is zero. Inferences from Hypothesis: The descriptive summary of the gender indicates that female category has maximum and others category has minimum frequency and percentage (Mayers, 2013). The descriptive summary of 312 participants provided data concludes that Australia has maximum frequency (157) and hence percentage (50.3) of nationality. Singapore is preceding Australia with frequency (83) and the percentage (26.6). In case of Individual rating, the highest individual rating is 91 among 312 participants with the frequency 3. The individual rating (90) has maximum frequency (157). Surprisingly, 92 (second highest frequency) students provided vary poor individual rating of 20. The age summary of 312 individuals show that the minimum age of a student is 17 and maximum is 56. Mean and standard deviation of age are respectively 23.657 and 5.9781. Similarly, descriptive statistic of idiocentric, Group and Allocentric ratios interpret that both the mean and standard deviation is highest in idiocentric ratio and least in allocentric ratio. The maximum and minimum values are also higher and lower in the same two ratios respectively (Mayers et al., 2013). With the help of scatter plots, we infer that - Individual rating and Idiocentric ratio: Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = 0.454. Significance (2-tailed) = 0. Correlaion is positive and moderate. These two values have significant relationship with each other at 10% confidence level. Individual rating and Group ratio: Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = (-0.29). Significance (2-tailed) = 0. Correlaion is negative and weak. These two values have significant relationship with each other at 10% confidence level. Individual rating and Allocentric ratio: Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = (-0.401). Significance (2-tailed) = 0. Correlaion is negative and moderate. These two values have significant relationship with each other at 10% confidence level. Relevant Information for Selection of Method: Participants: The columns of the dataset tell about the data of 312 participants. They all are the students of Murodoch University in Australia. Among them 218 are females, 90 are males and 4 are others. They have delivered their gender, age, nationality and individualism rating of their nationality. Materials: The used materials of the report are presented in the list of references. Procedure: The procedure is simple and easy. Firstly, we find out descriptive statistic, frequency and relative frequency table, percentage calculation of the variables like gender, nationality and individualism ratings. Next, we calculate the descriptive statistics and summary measures such as minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of Age, Idiocentric ratio, Group ratio and Allocentric ratio (Hinton, 2014). We could compare mean of different types of ratio. We created a scatter plot and correlation between of Individualism ratio and Idiocentric ratio, Individual rating and Group score, Individual rating and Allocentric ratio. Persons coefficient of correlation (r) is deciding the significance of effects between all relationships. References: Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self concept: A test of Hofstede's individualism/collectivism distinction.Journal of cross-cultural psychology,25(2), 273-283. Hinton, P. R. (2014).Statistics explained. Routledge. Lonner, W. J. (2013). Cross-cultural psychology. In Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions (pp. 561-564). Springer Netherlands.. Mayers, A. (2013).Introduction to Statistics and SPSS in Psychology. Pearson. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., Guarino, A. J. (2013).Performing data analysis using IBM SPSS. John Wiley Sons. Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S., Hankin, B. L. (2014). Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias.Psychological bulletin,130(5), 711. Shiraev, E., Levy, D. A. (2014). Cross-cultural psychology. Pearson Education Limited

Psychology Data Interpretation for Lab Report -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about thePsychology Data Interpretation for Lab Report. Answer: Lab Report Plan: The lab report plan includes research planning; five peers reviewed by journal articles, clearly stated hypotheses and their testing results and finally predicted relationship between several variables. Our research plot includes the aim to analyze the descriptive summary, scatter plot among several variables, correlation coefficient between variables and individual index rating of the variables. Our five peer reviewed by journal articles is given with relevant to the topic. We are going to provide clearly stated five null hypotheses that are tested in the assignment. Cross Cultural Differences:- The dataset involves the dataset of 312 students and the factors are Gender, Age, Nationality, Individualism Rating, Idiocentric score, Group score and Allocentric score. The responses were chosen according to group, idiocentric and allocentric self-references. The different scores were highlighted by the individualism rating appeared in the questionnaire. As predicted by the analyzed data, students from collectivist culture generate significantly more idiocentric and group descriptions than the students from individualist cultures of different nationality. The data backs up a pan cultural model in which cross-cultural variability in the self-concept are not marked as categorically different. However, it would reflect the relative ethics of the constituent components. Cross-cultural studies of self-concept remain to be an interest to the psychologists. Psychological factors in Asia and Asia-Pacific Island cultures have constructed the more relational, collectivistic or socio-centric ideas in these cultures with more individualistic and idiocentric ideas of Western concepts (Lonner, 2013). Psychologists argue that the individuality is a cultural construction (Guchner, 1994). We could expect significant cultural differences associated with the gender and age in the different nationality. Cross-cultural studies and concepts in a sampled limited range of cultures depend on the data measures. Explanatory variables are hypothesized to predict cross cultural effects and cultural differences in inter-nations (Mezulis et al., 2014). The report addresses the limitations while testing three theoretical ratios on cultural differences in self content. The psychologists have identified the existence of adaptive significance in combination with the aspects of all cultures. We expect that the people of all cultures infer the variables as part of individuality. Trait psychology dimensions would support in all cultures described in terms of trait attributes and variables with at least moderate frequency (Shiraev and Levy, 2014). Cultural psychologists view socially constructed variables across cultures. We tested alternative theoretical hypotheses successfully on cultural differences in the context of cross-cultural equivalence. The titles of reviewed journal articles those are relevant to the topic: Introduction to Statistics and SPSS in Psychology. Pearson. The article provides us the idea about what types of psychological data variables and factors could be. Statistics explained. Routledge. The article suggests us about what are the different measures of descriptive statistics (such as mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, 2-tail test). Tests of statistical significance. The article helps us to test the statistical significance of two-tailed test. Performing data analysis using IBM SPSS. John Wiley Sons. We got the idea about how inference could be drawn from scatter plots of SPSS. Cross-cultural psychology. In Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions - This article helped us to develop ideas about cross-cultural psychology and their relevance with data attributes. Aim of the study report: The objective of the study report is to find the correlation coefficient between different psychological indexes and find out the inferences. We can have a clear report of nation wise and gender wise variation of psychological indexes. The report would help to provide the necessary measures and steps concluded from the findings. Hypotheses: Tests of Hypothesis: The five hypotheses given in the report are Percentage ratio of different genders according to the nationality is equal. Averages of different ratios (Idiocentric, group and Allocentric ratio) are equal. Correlation between Individual ratings and Idocentric statement Scores is zero. The relationship between Individual ratings and Group statement Scores is zero. Correlation between Individual ratings and Allocentric Scores is zero. Inferences from Hypothesis: The descriptive summary of the gender indicates that female category has maximum and others category has minimum frequency and percentage (Mayers, 2013). The descriptive summary of 312 participants provided data concludes that Australia has maximum frequency (157) and hence percentage (50.3) of nationality. Singapore is preceding Australia with frequency (83) and the percentage (26.6). In case of Individual rating, the highest individual rating is 91 among 312 participants with the frequency 3. The individual rating (90) has maximum frequency (157). Surprisingly, 92 (second highest frequency) students provided vary poor individual rating of 20. The age summary of 312 individuals show that the minimum age of a student is 17 and maximum is 56. Mean and standard deviation of age are respectively 23.657 and 5.9781. Similarly, descriptive statistic of idiocentric, Group and Allocentric ratios interpret that both the mean and standard deviation is highest in idiocentric ratio and least in allocentric ratio. The maximum and minimum values are also higher and lower in the same two ratios respectively (Mayers et al., 2013). With the help of scatter plots, we infer that - Individual rating and Idiocentric ratio: Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = 0.454. Significance (2-tailed) = 0. Correlaion is positive and moderate. These two values have significant relationship with each other at 10% confidence level. Individual rating and Group ratio: Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = (-0.29). Significance (2-tailed) = 0. Correlaion is negative and weak. These two values have significant relationship with each other at 10% confidence level. Individual rating and Allocentric ratio: Pearson correlation coefficient (r) = (-0.401). Significance (2-tailed) = 0. Correlaion is negative and moderate. These two values have significant relationship with each other at 10% confidence level. Relevant Information for Selection of Method: Participants: The columns of the dataset tell about the data of 312 participants. They all are the students of Murodoch University in Australia. Among them 218 are females, 90 are males and 4 are others. They have delivered their gender, age, nationality and individualism rating of their nationality. Materials: The used materials of the report are presented in the list of references. Procedure: The procedure is simple and easy. Firstly, we find out descriptive statistic, frequency and relative frequency table, percentage calculation of the variables like gender, nationality and individualism ratings. Next, we calculate the descriptive statistics and summary measures such as minimum, maximum, mean and standard deviation of Age, Idiocentric ratio, Group ratio and Allocentric ratio (Hinton, 2014). We could compare mean of different types of ratio. We created a scatter plot and correlation between of Individualism ratio and Idiocentric ratio, Individual rating and Group score, Individual rating and Allocentric ratio. Persons coefficient of correlation (r) is deciding the significance of effects between all relationships. References: Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-cultural differences in the self concept: A test of Hofstede's individualism/collectivism distinction.Journal of cross-cultural psychology,25(2), 273-283. Hinton, P. R. (2014).Statistics explained. Routledge. Lonner, W. J. (2013). Cross-cultural psychology. In Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions (pp. 561-564). Springer Netherlands.. Mayers, A. (2013).Introduction to Statistics and SPSS in Psychology. Pearson. Meyers, L. S., Gamst, G. C., Guarino, A. J. (2013).Performing data analysis using IBM SPSS. John Wiley Sons. Mezulis, A. H., Abramson, L. Y., Hyde, J. S., Hankin, B. L. (2014). Is there a universal positivity bias in attributions? A meta-analytic review of individual, developmental, and cultural differences in the self-serving attributional bias.Psychological bulletin,130(5), 711. Shiraev, E., Levy, D. A. (2014). Cross-cultural psychology. Pearson Education Limited